In general, the structure of optical fiber can be seen in the figure below, with the following explanation (Putu, 2009):
Optical Fiber Structure
a. Core (Core Cable)
Core serves to channel light from one end to the other. Core is the first element of optical fiber which is the actual conductor ie a cylindrical rod made of dielectric material (silica material (SiO2), usually given dopping with germanium oxide (GeO2) or phosphorus penta oxide (P2O5) to raise its index normally) which does not deliver electricity. The core has a diameter between 3 - 200 µm. The thickness of the core is important, because it determines the characteristics of the cable. Cores (core) of optical fibers are made of high-grade glass crystal material and the core refractive index is about 1.5.
b. Cladding
Cladding functions as a mirror that reflects light so it can travel to the other end. Cladding is a layer of blanket / sheath that is overlaid on a core that has a diameter between 125 - 250 µm. Cladding is also made of glass but the refractive index is smaller than the core refractive index. The relationship between the two indices is made critical because it allows for the total reflection of the light beam that propagates below the critical angle when passed along the optical fiber.
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c. Coating (Protector)
The coating functions as a mechanical protector that protects optical fibers from damage and as a color coding of optical fibers. Coating is a protective part of the core layer and blanket made of elastic plastic material (PVC) which serves to protect the optical fiber from external pressure.
d. Streng thening (Fiber Reinforcement)
Streng thening fibers function as fibers that strengthen the inside of the cable so that they are not easily broken and are made of a lot of yarn-like fabric fiber and have excellent resistance.
e. Jacket Cable
Cable jacket serves as a protective covering for the entire inside of the optical fiber cable and inside there are identification marks and are made of PVC material.
Types of Optical Fiber
There are two types of optical fibers, namely as follows (Sharma et al, 2013):
Types of optical fibers
a. Singlemode Fiber (SMF)
Singlemode optical fiber has a small core and has only one light path. The difference between the core refractive index and cladding is very small. SMF has a greater capacity to transmit information because it can maintain the accuracy of the amount of light for greater mileage and does not show the spread of light caused by several modes. SMF fiber attenuation is also lower when compared to MMF. The disadvantages of this type of fiber are the small diameter of the core which makes connecting light into the core more difficult, difficult construction and relatively expensive cost.
b. Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Multimode fiber has a core diameter and refractive index relatively larger than singlemode fiber and allows a large amount of light to pass through it. The size of multimode cable cores in general is in the range of 50 to 100 micrometers. Usually the size of NA contained in multimode cables in general is in the range of 0.20 to 0.29. NA or numerical aperture is a measure of the ability of a fiber to capture light, also used to define the acceptance cone of an optical fiber. Multimode optical fiber types can be categorized into two types, namely step index multimode optical fibers and multimode gradded index optical fibers.
Optical Fiber Structure
a. Core (Core Cable)
Core serves to channel light from one end to the other. Core is the first element of optical fiber which is the actual conductor ie a cylindrical rod made of dielectric material (silica material (SiO2), usually given dopping with germanium oxide (GeO2) or phosphorus penta oxide (P2O5) to raise its index normally) which does not deliver electricity. The core has a diameter between 3 - 200 µm. The thickness of the core is important, because it determines the characteristics of the cable. Cores (core) of optical fibers are made of high-grade glass crystal material and the core refractive index is about 1.5.
b. Cladding
Cladding functions as a mirror that reflects light so it can travel to the other end. Cladding is a layer of blanket / sheath that is overlaid on a core that has a diameter between 125 - 250 µm. Cladding is also made of glass but the refractive index is smaller than the core refractive index. The relationship between the two indices is made critical because it allows for the total reflection of the light beam that propagates below the critical angle when passed along the optical fiber.
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c. Coating (Protector)
The coating functions as a mechanical protector that protects optical fibers from damage and as a color coding of optical fibers. Coating is a protective part of the core layer and blanket made of elastic plastic material (PVC) which serves to protect the optical fiber from external pressure.
d. Streng thening (Fiber Reinforcement)
Streng thening fibers function as fibers that strengthen the inside of the cable so that they are not easily broken and are made of a lot of yarn-like fabric fiber and have excellent resistance.
e. Jacket Cable
Cable jacket serves as a protective covering for the entire inside of the optical fiber cable and inside there are identification marks and are made of PVC material.
Types of Optical Fiber
There are two types of optical fibers, namely as follows (Sharma et al, 2013):
Types of optical fibers
a. Singlemode Fiber (SMF)
Singlemode optical fiber has a small core and has only one light path. The difference between the core refractive index and cladding is very small. SMF has a greater capacity to transmit information because it can maintain the accuracy of the amount of light for greater mileage and does not show the spread of light caused by several modes. SMF fiber attenuation is also lower when compared to MMF. The disadvantages of this type of fiber are the small diameter of the core which makes connecting light into the core more difficult, difficult construction and relatively expensive cost.
b. Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Multimode fiber has a core diameter and refractive index relatively larger than singlemode fiber and allows a large amount of light to pass through it. The size of multimode cable cores in general is in the range of 50 to 100 micrometers. Usually the size of NA contained in multimode cables in general is in the range of 0.20 to 0.29. NA or numerical aperture is a measure of the ability of a fiber to capture light, also used to define the acceptance cone of an optical fiber. Multimode optical fiber types can be categorized into two types, namely step index multimode optical fibers and multimode gradded index optical fibers.
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